2007年4月30日星期一

环境的悲剧

新加坡《联合早报》:
中国长江源头已经枯竭到可怜的程度,冰山雪线退缩,沙漠化严重,生态环境脆弱。如果中国政府在这种情况下进行南水北调西线工程,等于是给日益恶化的长江资源雪上加霜。

  据《联合早报》报道,南水北调西线工程,是从长江上游调水至黄河。即在长江上游通天河﹑长江支流雅砻江和大渡河上游筑坝建库,坝址海拔高程两千九百米至四千米,采用引水隧洞穿过长江与黄河的分水岭巴颜喀拉山调水入黄河。

  中国著名环保人士杨勇,去年夏天到今年春天,对长江源头及流域进行历时一百八十天的考察,总行程两万公里。二十年前,他也是长江漂流探险队主力队员。他在北京接受本报电话专访时说,与二十年前他所见到的长江源头相比,今天长江源头自然条件恶化的程度令人触目惊心。

  杨勇住在成都,这次到北京就是要将这次长江源头考察发现的最新情况汇报给中央有关负责人。他表示,目前类似他这种独立人士与政府沟通的渠道不通畅,即使表达了意见,由于触及一些利益和政策,往往也被忽略。即使这样,他还是要为保护长江奔走呼号。他毕业于中国矿业大学地质系,职业探险家,环境地质高级工程师,在青藏高原进行江河探险二十年,自称为体制外科学家,不少户外著作都将他列为中国探险第一人。

  二十年后,从新回到长江源头,他发现了什么呢?他用沉重的语气说:“长江源头已经枯萎到可怜的程度。在夏季,庞大的河床中,只有一小股细细的水流,周围已经被大片的沙漠包抄过来,很多地方的水永远断流,形成一些死湖。死湖慢慢变成咸水,这个地方就随之慢慢死去。”

  “这个源头地区,一些城镇因为缺水已经搬走,沿江已经有一些死城。而新城也面临缺水的困难。就在这样可怜的长江源头上,还将有七座水电站落成。其实,很多修好的电站因为没水已经成了死电站。长江源头的冰川退化,沙漠扩展,在这种情况下如果进行南水北调西线工程,将对已经脆弱的长江源头生物带来毁灭性灾难,甚至威胁长江中下游的安全。”

  二十年前,他和长江漂流探险队在长江源头立了一块纪念碑。去年,当他旧地重游时,发现纪念碑离现在的源头有三百米距离。在长江上游的通天河,他们有两天没有见到水。挖来的积雪融化后有一半是黄沙。

  他说:“万源之流的长江恶化成这个样子,现在令人难以想象。”他说,自然规律是不能违背的,否则就要受到大自然的惩罚。长江源头地质背景复杂,属于地震带,南水北调这么大的工程肯定会给已经脆弱的自然环境带来很大影响,风险极大,必须谨慎。

  他认为,长江中下游集群式地建设水电站,本身就是一种无序强度开发。如果在上游再展开南水北调工程,无疑是给长江水利资源和周围的环境雪上加霜,给水资源调配造成更大的矛盾。另外,在长江上游有许多世界自然遗产保护区和中国国家自然保护区,如果进行南水北调西线工程,就势必破坏这些自然遗产保护区。“这与中国的法律是相违背的,它使得中国法律和国际公约显得尴尬。”



每次上网浏览到有关中国环境的文章,总是不愿意多看,因为绝大多数消息令人感觉悲观、沮丧甚至是绝望。这条消息和长江有关,实在忍不住点开来,毕竟我在的这个城市依江而生,她和长江有太多千丝万缕的联系,长江也陪着我还有我的父辈乃至祖辈一起长大,对这条大河,我一直是有很独特的感情的。可是,这条河流的源头就要枯竭了,我知道这不是危言耸听,我分明看见往年枯水时才露出的江滩已经很久没有被水再次淹没了,长江大桥桥墩上的水位线降下去就很少再升上来;我曾亲见洞庭湖的湖水缩退到我站在山上远眺都看不到的地方,只留下一望无际的苔草(后来听说,它们也很快枯萎了);我也看得到在汉水里无可奈何的搁浅的船舶...长江也许快死了,快变成另一条黄河了...我见过黄河,那——也能叫河么?

这听上去很难过是么?可似乎我们的领导者并不关心这些,他们拍了拍他们精英的脑袋修建出了无数水电站箍在长江上,于是我们的高峡出平湖了——洞庭湖干了;他们又拍了拍他们的脑袋在长江的全线修建汲水站,于是北京人喝到水了——汉江干了...当然领导者总是英明的,他们总有着自己的一套华丽的说辞:三峡在发电,北调的水能救黄河。不过我真的不知道,发电的收益能不能抵偿长江上大小湖泊干涸引起的干旱代价,我们的南水北调会不会既救不了黄河,又毁了长江。

可怜的长江的遭遇不是中国唯一的。我爸跟我说,他小时候游泳的江和湖,都是清的,都能看见里面的鱼儿游的。遗憾的是,自我生在这个城市,能遇到的清水水域,除了游泳池,恐怕只有家里蓄水时的大脸盆了。上大学那会儿,每年的寒暑假都要坐火车来往于南北方,沿途所见的河流,不是干得只剩下杂草和黄土,就是漂着令人作呕的白色泡沫。很高兴的是,最近看到的新闻说官方终于承认了无河不干,无河不臭的事,当然也仅仅是承认了而已。

有时候看外国电影,总会惊叹于里面的风景,起码,电影里的河不是黄色或黑色的,可惜的,我没有走进那些画面的机会。我们的领袖,我们的精英的脑袋折腾着,想导演一出和谐的电影,可作为演员的我,更觉得它像是一出悲剧,一出无可挽回的环境悲剧~

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